There is widespread agreement that both tiers in a mixed electoral system do not operate independently of one another, and that instead they interact, producing contamination effects. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
These tend to raise the number of parties away from what Duverger\u2019s Law or the M+1 rule suggest. However, the field has not yet determined an undisputed methodological approach to answer the following question: raised by how much, exactly? This paper presents a thorough meta-analysis of the three major measurement techniquesused so far, herein titled the Difference Approach, the Likeness Approach, and the Simulation Approach. By doing so, it provides a more concise map of each of their logics, their varied implementations, their drawbacks, as well as possible ways forward. <\/p>\n\n\n\n